The Truman Show Essay example -- Papers

'The Truman Show' is the tale of an infant who is purchased by a TV organization during childbirth. He turns into the star of the TV program, however he has no clue about that his life is being recorded. All the individuals in his life, for example, his better half, closest companion, and associates are on-screen characters. There are no set contents. There are three distinct universes appeared in the film: Truman's reality, the maker's reality, and this present reality when we see the watchers watching the program in the homes. The film begins when Truman is twenty-nine. We see him start to turn into dubious, by odd events, for example, a light tumbling from the sky, the manner in which his loved ones publicize things, and individuals that coincidentally jump on the sharing time him things. Truman has for the longest time been itching to travel, yet clearly he can't on the grounds that the set of 'The Truman Show' is just a single town. He saw his dad 'bite the dust' while they were cruising together, and the anecdotal executive of 'The Truman Show' did this so Truman would be thalassophobic, and wouldn't like to go as such. In the long run he needs to escape the town due to every one of these doubts, and he gets deferred for a long time attempting to pass via vehicle. He works up the determination to pass by pontoon and in the wake of cruising for some time he hits a scenery with mists painted on it. Christof's voice is heard and he addresses Truman, however he can't be seen. He attempts to convince Truman to remain on the planet he made for him, and discloses to him that he is the star of a network show. Truman finds a entryway, and after some talking with Christof, he leaves. The chief's expectations - - Dwindle Weir was the executive of the film, 'The Tru... ...ch as a bustling bar all viewing, the two old women, the security monitors, the man in the shower, and Sylvia. We likewise observe shots from the makers control room, so in this last arrangement we see from the entirety of the three universes that we se at various organizes in the film. As of recently, the various universes are appeared, yet they're very scattered in the film. In this last arrangement, we see them significantly more consistently, rather than simply Truman's. It nearly appears that we see from the crowd more to show that Truman will be in that world soon. Individuals from the various universes are meeting up, in light of the fact that Truman's left, and the creation group will all be out of occupations. This is significant in light of the fact that there is a great deal in the film saying that this present reality is a terrible spot, yet at long last it's the place we as a whole originate from, and where we as a whole have a place.

“Discussion on any three specialized branches of accounting

1. 1 Introduction: Accounting is a fascinating field. Bookkeeping is the study of recording arranging and summing up exchanges so connection with outcasts is actually decided and aftereffect of activity during a specific period can be determined and the money related situation as the finish of the period might be appeared. There are many specific parts of bookkeeping. In our task we examine just three particular parts of bookkeeping. They are cost bookkeeping, administrative bookkeeping and human asset accounting.In the instance of cost bookkeeping cost counts are finished keeping chronicled and evaluated costs cost bookkeeping and the procedure computing costs fluctuate bookkeeping to nature of business fabricating movement or working exercises. Administrative bookkeeping applies to a wide range of businessesâ€service, marketing and assembling. Administrative bookkeeping manages the requirements of the administration instead of severe consistence with sound accounting standards. It includes planning and estimating, monetary investigation, cost examination, assessment of business choices, and comparative areas.Human asset bookkeeping is an expansion of the Accounting standards of coordinating the expenses and incomes and of arranging information to convey important data. The Quantification of the estimation of Human assets causes the administration to adapt up to the adjustments in its quantum and quality with the goal that balance can be accomplished in the middle of the necessary assets and the demonstrate. Human Resource Accounting gives helpful data to the administration. 1. 2 Objectives: (1) To think about the three specific braches of bookkeeping. (2) To think about their significance. (3) To think about their limitations.(4) To think about their impact in dynamic. 1. 3 Limitations: (1) Lack of bookkeeping information. (2) Lack of data (3) Shortage of time 2. 1. 1Cost Accounting: Cost bookkeeping is the bookkeeping of the expense. It is made of two wor ds-Cost and Accounting. The term cost indicates the aggregate of all uses associated with the procedure of creation. In this way, it takes care of the costs engaged with the creation and the expenses in question while accepting it. Bookkeeping, then again, gathers and keeps up budgetary records of every pay and consumption and make benefit of such data to the concerned officials.Thus, cost bookkeeping is a training and procedure of cost which decides the productivity of a business worry by controlling the expense with the use of bookkeeping guideline, procedure and rules. Cost bookkeeping incorporates the introduction of the data got there from for reasons for administrative dynamic. Along these lines, cost bookkeeping is an expressions just as science. It is science since it is a collection of deliberate information having certain standards. It is a workmanship as it requires the capacity and ability with which a cost bookkeeper can apply the standards of cost bookkeeping in differ ent administrative problems.According to W. W. Bigg †â€Å"Cost bookkeeping is the arrangement of such examination and characterization of consumption as will empower the complete expense of a specific unit of creation to be found out with sensible level of exactness and simultaneously to reveal precisely how such all out expense is comprised. † According to R. N. Carter, â€Å"Cost bookkeeping is an arrangement of recording in accounts the materials utilized and work utilized in the assembling of a specific product or on a specific activity. † Thus, cost bookkeeping is considered as a workmanship just as science.It is additionally a prime piece of bookkeeping framework which records methodicallly the cost engaged with crude materials and work utilized during the time spent creation and a similar time decides the all out expense and unit cost of item, the way toward recording arranging and dissecting of cost is the cost bookkeeping. 2. 1. 2 Importance of Cost Acco unting: Management of business concerns anticipates from Cost Accounting point by point cost data in regard of its activities to outfit their officials with applicable data required for arranging, booking, controlling and choice making.To be progressively explicit, the executives anticipates from cost bookkeeping data and reports to help them in the release of the accompanying capacities: (a) Control of material cost: Cost of material generally comprises a significant part of the absolute expense of an item. Along these lines, it is important to control it beyond what many would consider possible. Such a control might be practiced by-(I) Ensuring un-intruded on flexibly of material and extras for creation. (ii) By staying away from unreasonable bolting up of assets/capital in supplies of materials and stores. (iii) Also by the utilization of methods like worth investigation, normalization and so on to control material cost.(b) Control of labour cost: It can be controlled if laborers complete their work inside the standard time limit. Decrease of work turnover and inert time to assist us, with controlling work cost. (c) Control of overheads:Overheads comprises of backhanded costs which are brought about in the manufacturing plant, office and deals division; they are a piece of creation and deals cost. Such costs might be constrained by keeping an exacting check over them. (d) Measuring productivity: For estimating effectiveness, Cost Accounting division ought to give data about guidelines and real execution of the concerned activity.(e) Budgeting: Now-a-days definite gauges as far as amounts and sums at* drawn up before the beginning of every action. This is done to guarantee that a practicable game-plan can be chalked out and the genuine exhibition compares with the assessed or planned execution. The readiness of the spending plan is the capacity of Costing Department. (f) Price assurance: Cost records ought to give data, which empowers the administration to f ix profitable selling costs for different things of items and administrations in various circumstances.(g) Curtailment of misfortune during the slow time of year: Cost Accounting can likewise give data, which may empower decrease of overhead, by using inactive limit during the slow time of year or by stretching the season. (h) Expansion: Cost Accounts may give assessments of creation of different levels based on which the administration might have the option to detail its way to deal with extension. (I) Arriving at choices: Most of the choices in a business undertaking include right articulations of the presumable impact on benefits. Cost Accounts are of indispensable assistance in this respect.In reality, without appropriate cost bookkeeping, choice would resemble taking a bounce in obscurity, for example, when creation of an item is halted. 2. 1. 3 Limitations of Cost bookkeeping: Cost Accounting isn't a precise science like different parts of bookkeeping however is a craftsmanshi p which has created through hypotheses and bookkeeping rehearses dependent on good judgment and thinking. These practices are changing with time. There is no generalized arrangement of cost bookkeeping appropriate to all businesses. It needs uniform technique. Ideas, strategies and procedures of cost bookkeeping comprehended and applied contrastingly by various industries.It is utilized uniquely by huge endeavors. The restrictions of cost bookkeeping are as per the following: 1. The framework is increasingly mind boggling: Cost bookkeeping needs to recognize the various kinds of costs and assignment of costs is considered as a muddled arrangement of bookkeeping. It needs various structures and recipes to gather the information and setting up the reports. Likewise it requires number of steps in determining such subtleties. So it includes a progressively mind boggling framework. Increasingly intricate and muddled arrangement of cost bookkeeping is one of the confinements looking by th e cost bookkeeping. 2. It is expensive:In introducing and keeping up cost bookkeeping framework requires more labor and assets. More examination, distribution and assimilation of overheads requires impressive measure of extra work. In the event that the costs acquired in finding out the expense is more than what is gotten from it, at that point the procedure of cost bookkeeping is good for nothing. To put it plainly, the costs of cost bookkeeping ought not be more than the benefit got from cost bookkeeping. Numerous organizations don't embrace cost bookkeeping owing the way that it is progressively costly and not prudent. 3. Inapplicability of costing strategy and technique:Technique and strategies for cost bookkeeping contrast from association to association. One standard technique isn't satisfactory for all the prerequisite of various associations. It relies upon the idea of business and the kind of administration/item fabricated by the firm. In the event that off-base procedure o r strategy is utilized, it will influence the outcome. So inapplicability of same costing strategy and procedure is the one of the primary restriction of cost bookkeeping. 4. Not reasonable for little scope units: One of the confinements looked by the cost bookkeeping in introducing it in a wide range of business is that it isn't pertinent to little scope units.Through the conventional bookkeeping, little scope units can control the expense adequately. 5. Absence of Accuracy: Use of notional cost, for example, standard cost, evaluated cost and so on would not draw out the real expense of the item. So the cost bookkeeping does not have the exactness of its outcomes. 6. Needs social Accounting: Social bookkeeping is outside the extent of cost accounts. Cost bookkeeping neglects to consider the social commitment of the business. 7. Need readiness of successive compromise to check exactness: Results appeared by cost accounts vary from those of money related accounts.Preparation of compr omise articulations to confirm the precision is habitually required. This prompts superfluous increment in outstanding burden. 8. Duplication of Work: Many mechanical units work adequately and control the expense successfully with the budgetary bookkeeping. Getting ready cost bookkeeping is pointless for them and it includes duplication of bookkeeping work. 9. Utilization of Secondary Data: Cost bookkeeping relies upon fiscal reports for a great deal of data. Any e

How I Actually Get Ready for the Semester

How I Actually Get Ready for the Semester Breaks are awesome. I don’t take having time to relax, travel, and spend time with family and friends lightly. Especially as I’ve gotten older, it becomes harder to do any of those three things. Again: Breaks are awesome. One other reason why I love breaksâ€"and the reason for this postâ€"is the time it provides to prepare and plan for an upcoming semester. This is no small task. Therefore, I thought I’d focus on what I actually do before each semester. These are not resolutions, they’re actionable steps toward planning for a successful semester. And so far, they’ve worked pretty well. Work on the Calendar One of the first things I do to prepare for the semester is build my google calendar. All I do is put in all of my classes and big events that are already planned. This takes about 30 minutes, and simply having a basic schedule (with notifications!) saves me a lot of stress throughout the semester. One less thing to worry about. Set Goals I picked this one up from Warren Buffett. Each semester I create a list of 15 to 25 goals I want to achieve over the coming months. Then, I narrow the list down to my top 5 goals, cross the rest off, and leave my 5 goals in a note on my phone. This forces me to think on what’s ahead, prioritize, and simplify what I want to accomplish. This has allowed me to make academic and professional decisions more easily through knowing what my overarching objectives are for a given semester. Organize for Classes I get all of my folders and notebooks ready to go and labeled at the start of each semester. Easy enough, but this can be a nuisance if its not taken care of before I arrive to campus or during syllabus week. Laundry Clean clothes are happy clothes. Take advantage of the nice laundry machine at home that doesn’t need quarters or require a long wait to use. Hope this helps! Talk soon. Steven Class of 2019 I’m from New Canaan, Connecticut. I'm studying Management Entrepreneurship in the Gies College of Business and Political Science in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

A Study On Evolution Of Dance - 1399 Words

Jordan Laughlin December 5, 2015 Honors- Final Paper Dr. O’Leary Evolution Of Dance â€Å"People dance because dance can change things. One move can bring people together. One move can make you believe like there’s something more. One move can set a whole generation free.†- Adam Sevani Over the generations, the style and interpretation of dance has changed tremendously. Dance is greatly influenced by societal or cultural issues or advancement. Choreographers express their feelings through dance just as a painter would express his/her feelings through their paintings. Dance is one of the most signifying forms of communication known to man. Researchers have discovered indications of dance that played a large role in the Native Americans before the discovery of America. Dance was often used in religious ceremonies as well as other rituals. Native Americans used to dance in relation to prayer for healing or giving thanks. One dance the Native Americans established was called the â€Å"Fancy Dance†. This dance is a very upbeat and athletic dance that symbolizes new life. It was often performed in the springtime. The Indians would wear bright costumes along with headgear and props (instruments, fire, etc.) This dance sustained importance throughout history into The Depression where women often performed it. Women likely used this dance as an expression of optimism in which they were hopeful in surviving their hardships and starting a new life. The â€Å"Fancy Dance† is still performed toShow MoreRelatedThe Baroque Of Baroque Dance962 Words   |  4 PagesBaroque dance was a particularly important process in the evolution of ballet. There are many influences that are part of the process, such as the why baroque was created and the purpose that baroque dancing served in cultural context. There was an important shift in history that engaged people to want to move and it is an important subject to be studied. Baroque dance was quite different from the social dancing we experience today. There are differen t layers to baroque dance and different contributorsRead MoreThe Process of Natural Selection Essay781 Words   |  4 Pagestoday about evolution derives from the late great pioneer, Charles Darwin. Charles Darwin was an english naturalist that even from an early age was very interested in outdoor pursuits. Early in his prep career his father tried sending him to the University of Edinburg to pursue his medical school. With his dads hopes falling through because Charles was scared by the gore of surgery and couldn’t stay in the operating room. 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While the estrus of a woman is believed to have been lost or hidden during human evolution, women near the most fertile point of their cycles, which is right before ovulation, are considered more attractiveRead MoreThe Influence of Books on the Past and Present Literacy850 Words   |  3 Pagesimportant in the research as it examines literacy applications used in the past and present; it also gives an insight into the world of present literacy on the side of digital technology. The article argues that the media today signifies an important evolution of literacy. In this aspect, the media refers to the route that allowed the culture of literacy to grow. The article describes the media ecology with reference to social, political, and cultural influences of literacy. The resulting change affectsRead MoreMusic And Dance And Music Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesThere is no denying that when decent music is playing people cannot help but get in the dancing mood. 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Beginning with the Renaissance and continuing through the Romantic Era, balletRead MoreEssay on Lindy Hop and World Dance Pg838 Words   |  4 PagesDNCE131: Exam 1 Study Guide FALL 2013: Professor Flickinger 1. Copeland and Cohen. â€Å"What is Dance?† pg 1 -Understand the three basic art theories being discussed -Aristotle is responsible for what part of Western Storytelling/Narrative -Focus on the arguments of Martin, Levinson, Goodman, Sparshott 2. Sklar. â€Å"Five Premises for a Culturally Sensitive Approach to Dance† pg 30 -Understand the five premises and their importance to discussing dance cross culturally -Be able to define EmpathicRead MorePlanet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle1103 Words   |  4 Pagescourting rituals and mating behavior, such as the love dance performed by the â€Å"humans† in the novel. The second topic is the (in)capability of apes to produce human speech. In the novel, the apes all speak human language, but in reality, this is not a likely possibility. To elaborate on the first topic, when the â€Å"humans† in the novel are taken to the research facility, Ulysse soon realizes that they were brought there so that the apes could â€Å"study in captivity the amorous practices of men, the methodsRead MoreManagement Science Theory and Practice1284 Words   |  6 Pagescontributions 10 the goal of their organizations. All manage organizations. We define an organization as a group of people working together to create a surplus. . In business organizations... Management Science (The genesis for selection of topic is study of topics titled ‘Managing Careers, Theory and Practice’ by Yehuda Baruch (organizational career systems chapter 4) Treatment to the topic has been given in the Pakistani perspective deemed relevant.) Merging Organizations, Merging Career Systems-HumanRead MoreScience Which Deals With The Establishment And Development Of Human Societies Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pagesof human societies. 2.-is a science that has as purpose studying the reality of those entities social such which are. But not as it should be, as well as, the study of societies should be considered analogous to the objects of the animated world. Is it history natural of them corporations human. 3.-the sociology can define is as the study scientific of the life group of them humans, since frequently is gives a use incorrect to them terms sociology and sociologist, would be worth the penalty mention

Judith Wright Essay - 1246 Words

Judith Wright is a prominent figure in Australian literature, as well as an environmentalist and social activist. This plays a major role in her various collections of poems, where she explores both national and personal concerns. These include her fight for Aboriginal land rights, as well as personal experiences such as pregnancy and motherhood. Through her poetry, Wright is able to give voice to the interest of social groups who are often denied one. Wright’s poem â€Å"Woman to Child† primarily focuses on very personal matters. An intense lyric style is used to convey the process of childbirth and her view on motherhood. These concerns are represented through techniques such as persona, figurative language, structure and rhythm. The use†¦show more content†¦She has created an offspring that means the world to her and this has been a wonderful experience. The repetition of ‘I am’ and the use of metaphor emphasise the feelings of joy. Rhythm and sound techniques also contribute to the overall effect of this lyric poem. The iambic tetrameter, and regular rhythm, symbolise a steady pulse or heartbeat. The process of creating new life is conveyed more effectively. Sound techniques also play an important role in highlighting childbirth. Sibilance used in â€Å"you shall escape and not escape†, slows down the rhythm and emphasises the slow process of birth. With the use of various techniques, Wright expresses the pleasant and wonderful processes of pregnancy and childbirth that women are able to experience. This is a quite different view of the supposedly long and laborious process. One critique remarked: â€Å"Judith Wrights success in translating human existence into poetry has resulted in a rich creation of exuberant expression and sincerity.† (Ravenscroft, 2008) Unlike many other texts in the forties to fifties dominated by public and social issues, â€Å"Woman to Child† has a very private subject matte r. Wright lived in a time where women were denied a voice in society with the onset of third wave feminism approaching in the sixties. She was one of the first writers to express her femininity, and her personal concerns were clearly developed in thisShow MoreRelatedJudith Wright Poetry Essay1075 Words   |  5 PagesJudith Wright Essay How does Judith Wright use particular technical features to explore ideas and emotions? Judith Wright is one of the greatest poets that Australia has ever produced. Most of her poems are based on social issues. Throughout her poetry Wright uses various techniques that explore different ideas and emotions. This can then be easily deciphered by the reader, allows them to bond to the meaning of the poem. Wright’s poetry covered emotions and ideas through the use of technical featuresRead MoreEssay on Legend by Judith Wright752 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristics of the human condition can you identify in Judith Wright’s Legend? How has the poet used specific language techniques to emphasise these attributes of life. Judith Wright’s ‘Legend’ responds to various aspects of the human condition present in our society today. The poem is focused primarily on the actions of a Blacksmith’s boy, a vassal for humanity’s growth in response to age and change. In stanza one, Judith Wright utilizes personification â€Å"rivers hindered him† and â€Å"thorn branchesRead MoreEssay about The Poetry of Judith Wright1160 Words   |  5 PagesThe Poetry of Judith Wright Abstract This report discusses the influences of Australia as well as the universal impact on the poetry of Judith Wright. It contains an evaluation of both the techniques and the plot behind the poems Remittance Man, South of My Days and Eve to her Daughters as well as a comparison between the three poems. Australia, as Wright ¡Ã‚ ¦s homeland, has had a significant effect on the content of her poems but references to English scenes are also consistent as wellRead More Analysis of Woman to Man by Judith Wright Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Woman to Man by Judith Wright  Ã‚   I was slightly confused when I read this poem at first, but it became apparent from the rich metaphors, that it was about the sexual relation between the woman and man. It is also about conception - or rather the potential of creating a child from this sexual act - told from the womans point of view. Judith Wright was very bold in writing such a poem since it was published in 1949, when such issues werent discussed in the public, but as a well-regardedRead MoreEssay about Environmental themes in the Poem Dust by Judith Wright1244 Words   |  5 PagesDust, written by Judith Wright, discusses the concepts of a destroyed, empty world and a mother reflecting on the days when the â€Å"Earth was kinder†. Through her poem she shows the audience her fears for the world and how the world will become barren and â€Å"sick† if the environment is not cared for. This is typical of Judith Wright, with environmental themes central to many of her poems. The emotive responses that are evoked while reading this poem are extremely strong. A great sadness is experiencedRead MoreHow Has the Poetry of Judith Wright Encapsulated the Australian Experience? Refer to 3 Poems in Your Response?1277 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish essay practice How has the poetry of Judith Wright Encapsulated the Australian experience? Refer to 3 poems in your response? Intro help is at this website http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Judith-Wright/149895 Structure * Reiterate the question-give you thesis * Definition of the Australian Experience * Overview of all things you will discuss/introduce poems * (summary of paragraphs) Paragraphs for each poem * Present one aspect of the Australian experience conveyedRead MoreJudith Wright Poetry Essay.Doc807 Words   |  4 PagesJudith Wright Poetry Essay: All great poets evoke emotional and intellectual responses from their readers. Judith Wright is one such poet as she uses a wide range of appropriate language and poetic techniques to challenge the responder with complex ideas, such as the inherent flaws in our nature and the folly of chasing total perfection in Eve to her Daughters, challenging the individual to question their role in a post-Edan world. The idea of finding our individual place in the world is againRead MoreJudith Wright1249 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish essay: Judith Wright Judith Wright, born in the country town of Armidale, but grew to become one of the most influential modern thinkers through her poetry. Wright writes poems that expand further than just love, she wrote poems expressing the issues that deal with the spiritual and cultural fracture. Her views of the disintegrating culture and the physical environment surrounding her world are portrayed through the various techniques. These elements of techniques are such as Wright’sRead MoreNature vs. Nurture1655 Words   |  7 PagesMore, Judith Rich Harris argues that parents have absolutely no say in what kind of children they raise. She claims that after the parents contribute an egg or sperm filled with DNA, their job of creating a child is complete. Her book is backed by some 750 references, but most of her conclusions come from the observation of her own two daughters; one her own and one adopted (Begley, p. 53). Parents, however, do play an important role in childhood development. For the purposes of this essay, herRead MoreHow The American Revolution Affected Women1155 Words   |  5 Pageshave no voice, or Representation. Regard us then as Beings placed by providence under your protection and in imitation of the Supreme Being make use of that power only for our happiness† (Maclean 1). In 1779 Judith Sargent Murray penned a systematic expression of feminist position. Her essay, ON THE EQUALITY OF THE SEXES, challenged the common misconception that males were more intelligent than females. The boycott of British goods during the Revolution partially owed its success to the dedication

Student Life Free Essays

Your exam will be multiple choice Exam # 1 Introductory Chemistry Be sure to show your set up for all mathematical problems. Your answers must have the correct number of significant digits and the correct units. I. We will write a custom essay sample on Student Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chemistry is a quantitative science therefore we must make measurements. All measurements have an uncertainty that we need to be aware of in our calculations. A. We need to be able to determine the number of significant figures in a measurement. For the following measurement state the number of significant figures. (4pts) 1. 1. 000 cm 2. 2. 590 x 10-5 m 4 3. . 020 g 4. 1000 cm 2 1 B. We need to be able to add, subtract, multiply, and divide with measurements. Solve the following problems. (4 pts) 1. 3. 02 cm + 5 cm + 0. 002 cm = 8 cm 3. 2. 0 cm x 2. 00 cm x 2. 000 cm = 8. 0 cm3 2. 5. 35 g – 0. 005 g = 5. 35 g 4. 7. 89 g / 5. 2 mL = 1. 5 g/mL B. It is often necessary to convert from one unit to another. This is easily accomplished with the right unit factor. Solve the following problems. 1. During the last six lunar landings 842 pounds of Moon samples have been collected. What is this mass expressed in kilograms? ( 2. pounds = 1 kilograms) (4 pts) 842 lbs x 1 kg / 2. 2 lbs = 3 82. 7272727 kg = 380 kg 2. If a 250 mL beaker weighs 95. 4 g, what is the mass in kilograms? (4 pts) 95. 4 g x 1kg / 1000g = 0. 0954 kg = 9. 54 x 10-3 kg 3. If the radius of an oxygen atom is 6. 6 x 10 (5 pts) 6. 6 x 10 –10 dm x 1 m / 10 dm x 109 nm/ 1 m = 6. 6 x 10-2 nm -10 dm, what is the radius in nm? 1 C. Chemists often deal with percent problems. As long as you remember that percent refers to per 100, these problems can be solved. 1. A penny minted after 1982 is composed of copper and zinc only. If a penny has a mass of 2. 07 g and is 2. 50 % copper. What is the mass of zinc in the coin? (5 pts) 2. 507 g x 2. 50/100 = 0. 062675 g of Cu 2. 507 g of penny – 0. 062675 g of Cu = 2. 444325 g = 2. 444 g of Zn (2. 44 g of Zn is correct also) D. Density is a very important concept for chemist. The density of a substance can be obtained in a chemistry laboratory. 1. A rubber stopper with a mass of 23. 75 g is dropped in a 50-mL graduated cylinder that has 20. 4 mL of water . After the stopper is dropped in the graduated cylinder, the water level rises to 24. 7 mL. What is the density of the rubber stopper? 5 pts) 2. 375 g / (24. 7 mL – 20. 4 mL) = 5. 523255814 g / mL = 5. 52 g / mL (5. 5 g /mL is accepted) We can make predictions if the density is known. 2. A glass cylinder contains four liquid layers: mercury (d = 13. 6 g/mL), chloroform (d = 1. 49 g/mL), water (d = 1. 00 g/mL), ether (d = 0. 708 g/mL). If a piece of ice (d = 0. 917 g/mL) is dropped into the cylinder, where does it come to rest? Why? (5 pts) The mercury layer will be on the bottom, then the chloroform, then the water, and finally the ether. The ice will sink in the ether layer and float on top of the water layer. If the density is know, we can we can find the mass of a given volume or the volume of a given mass. 3. The density of aluminum is 2. 70 g/mL. What volume will 250 g of Al occupy? What is the mass of a piece of aluminum with a volume of 250 mL? (6 pts) 250 g of Al x 1 mL / 2. 70 g = 92. 59259259 mL = 93 mL 250 mL of Al x 2. 70 g / 1 mL = 675 g = 680 g 2 Using the density value we can indirectly obtain distances that are too small to measure directly. 4. A sample of aluminum foil has a length of 10. 0 cm and a width of 5. 7 cm. If the aluminum foil weighs 0. 234 g, what is the thickness of the aluminum foil? Remember that the density of aluminum is 2. 70 g/mL. (6 pts) Volume of Al = length x width x thickness = mass / density 0. 234 g x 1 mL / 2. 70 g = 0. 0866666666 mL 0. 086666666 mL / 10. 0 cm x 5. 7 cm = 0. 001520467 cm = 1. 5 x 10 –3 cm E. Heat and temperature are two very important concepts. 1. In your own words, please state the difference between heat and temperature. What is a common unit of each? (5 pts) Heat measures the total energy of a sample and temperature measure the intensity of heat or the average heat of a sample. A common unit of heat is a calorie and a common unit of temperature is Kelvin. It is important to be able to convert from one temperature unit to another. 2. Aluminum melts at 1220 F. (You can see why aluminum is not a liquid at room temperature) What is the melting point of aluminum in degree Celsius ( C) and in Kelvin o C (6 pts) (K)? (oF – 32 oF) x 100 oC = 180 oF (1220 oF – 32)(100 / 180) = 660 oC 660 oC + 273 = 933 K o o 3. Give the ions present and their relative numbers in potassium sulfate. a) b) c) d) e) 1K+ and 1 SO42K+ and 1 SO321K+ and 2 SO422K+ and 1 SO423K+ and 1 SO43- 3 4. How many cm2 are in an area of 4. 21in2? a. b. c. d. e. 10. 7 cm2 114 cm2 27. cm2 1. 66 cm2 1. 14 cm2 5. In performing a multistep calculation, when should you round off the answer in the calculator display? (5 pts) In a multistep calculation you should round off the answer at the end of the calculation E. Matter and Energy. 1. We learned four terms in chapter 4, heterogeneous mixture, homogeneous mixture, compound, and element. Please an example of each. (8 pts) An example of a heterogeneous mixture is the earth’s crust. A heterogeneous mixture can be separated into pure substances by physical methods. An example of a homogeneous mixture is salt water. The properties of a homogeneous mixture constant for a given sample. An example of a compound is NaCl. A compound can be broken down into elements by ordinary chemical reactions. An example of an element is Na. An element is a substance that can not be broken down further by a chemical reaction. 2. Match Symbols and Names (10 pts) 1. sodium 2. iron 3. carbon 4. nitrogen 5. phosphorous d c e b a a. P b. N c. Fe d. Na e. C 4 1. Cl 2. Ce 3. Cu 4. Co 5. Ca e c b d a a. Calcium b. Copper c. Cesium d. Cobalt e. Chlorine 3. Give an example for each of the following terms: (8 pts) a. hysical property – Appearance, melting point, boiling point, density, heat and electrical conductivity, solubility, and physical state under normal conditions are all examples of physical properties. b. chemical property – A chemical property of a substance describes its chemical reactions with other substances. The chemical property of sodium states that sodium will react with water to form hydrog en gas. c. physical change – A physical change include changing shape, volume, or physical state. For example when water changes to ice. d. chemical change – A chemical change always involves the formation of a new substance. Gas bubbles from the reaction of calcium with water. Fill in the blanks of the following table Symbol number of protons number of neutrons number of electrons mass number 37 Cl17 20 18 48 Cr3+ 24 24 21 24 Mg 12 12 12 37 48 24 Might not be on test. Ask teacher. Chlorine has two stable isotopes with masses of 34. 97 amu and 36. 97 amu. What is the relative abundance of the two isotopes? a. b. c. d. e. 50. 00% 35Cl and 50. 00 % 37Cl 35. 45% 35Cl and 64. 55 % 37Cl 64. 55% 35Cl and 35. 45% 37Cl 24. 23% 35Cl and 75. 77 % 37Cl 75. 77 % 35Cl and 24. 23 % 37Cl 5 How to cite Student Life, Essays Student Life Free Essays Importance of student life The student life is the most important period of our life. Our future hopes depend upon it. At this time our mind is like clay. We will write a custom essay sample on Student Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Clay is a very soft thing. The potter makes various things with this clay. Like clay, our mind also can be shaped in different ways. If the pots etc. are once made by the potter, their shapes cannot be changed. Similarly* if our character is once formed in one way, it cannot be changed easily. If we receive good training in our student life, we shall be good citizens in our future life. If, on the other hand, we do not receive good training, we shall not be good men in future. We should, therefore, be very careful. We must take care so that we may receive good training in our student life. What the student should learn We must learn many good things in our student life. Our main duty is to learn our lessons at school. We must â€Å"gain knowledge. Our character must be good. If we become men of character, people will love us. Our teachers will take great care of us. A boy of bad character cannot become a great man. We must learn discipline. Strict discipline at schools is very good for us. it teaches us obedience, punctuality, diligence, regularity, good manners and forbearance. We must learn perseverance. It is at the root of all success. If we are idle, we cannot prepare our lessons. Idle men are never happy. They suffer much. Everybody hates them. All great men of the past were persevering. Hence *re must persevere. If we fail once, we shall try again and again. We must learn the value of time. We should do everything in time. Time will not wait for us. If time is once gone, we cannot get it back. Our work also is not finished. Hence we must not idle away our time. We must take care of our health. If our health is bad, we cannot do anything. Our whole life becomes miserable. A man with bad health dies early. Therefore, we must improve our health. We must be obedient. We shall do what our parents and teachers tell us to do. Obedience is a great virtue for a student. An important part of a student’s life is his social life at school. We mix with other boys in the class-room and play-ground. This exercises a great influence in shaping our character. Here we learn the important lesson f give and take, co-operation, easy social manners and thought for others. But we must be careful so that we may not come in touch with bad boys. Conclusion The student life is the best part of a man’s life. At this time our main work is to read and play. We should not think of anything else. When we are students, we are free from cares and anxieties. Our heart is very soft. Our mind is very simple. We pass our time very happily. But if we do not perform our duty, we shall not be happy in future. Hence we must do our duty. We shall then be happy and prosperous in our future life. How to cite Student Life, Essay examples

The One Essays (585 words) - English-language Films, Films

The One Dealing with deception The One As the dark figures enlarge through the thick fog, He walks towards them, Alone and sheltered overhead. Slowly paced, and soggy footed, he arrives. He is unable to speak or think straight. As he slowly lowers his head something catches his eye. He peacefully stares; Stares at the beautiful flowers. The flowers he and his wife planted along their fence. He could still remember the aching pain of his sore, middle aged back, The smell of his wife's worn out, one-size-too-small gloves as he took them off for her, And watching the huge red sunset as they held each other in their aching arms. They made love that night. From that day on he knew she was the one. That was a beautiful day, he thought. A loud morn awakens him from his daydream. He forgets where he is for a while, but soon remembers. He still cannot believe what is happening. To him it seems unreal. Still with his head down, he is afraid; Afraid to look, Afraid of what he might see. Confused, he begins to wonder. He searches for an answer. He had not accomplished what he had planned. As the man with the white collar speaks, he looks up. Still somewhat sceptical of the spectacle, He is afraid; Afraid to listen. He is afraid of what he might hear. Still with his confidence, he awaits; Awaits for the name of inevitability. Out it comes. A name which he remembers to have known his whole life. A name which he cared so much for. A name which he stood by, through thick and thin. A name which he called his own. He wants to feel sad but is curious. He wonders who cared. He looks up, All in black, Except for the one in red. Tight Ass Fender, was its name. Guitar strings, was its game. ?You know the ones in the black pack ?I'll get them when I get back.? All I needed was the last string So I can play and I can sing. ?Yes, yes? she said ?I'm going out. I'll buy this thing.? Monday night she went out She had to go that way too! She came back early, With a pack of blue. ?Bring then back!? The Old Man Who Scared Me When I Was Little I went outside to play that day, With my mom by my side, by the way. I slid down slides and played on swings; Every time, I played with those things. On a bench to my right I saw a man, old but bright. He had skin that seemed like brown construction paper, And hair as white as snow. He had these dreamy eyes; But why, I'd like to know. He seemed so helpless wearing that old man hat, And that red flannel shirt that made him look fat. I wondered what he was doing there. I wondered what was going through his mind When I got a water gun, And wet him from behind. Before my very eyes He got up and said ?Grandson. You're dead!? He then chased me around, Like a fun little fray. Slowly gaining on me like a tiger on its prey. I could stand no more so I had to say, ?Okay, okay!? We stopped running and turned to each other. Red now replaced his brown paper face. With sweat pouring down his cheek he said to me, ?In a race, you would win first place!? Bibliography My brain Poetry Essays

Free Essays on Celia A Slave.

Moral Dilemmas of Celia, A Slave Melton McLaurin’s book Celia, A Slave is the account of the trial, conviction, and execution of a female slave for the murder of her master in 1855. The author uses evidence compiled through studying documents from Callaway County, Missouri and the surrounding area during the middle of the Nineteenth Century. Although much of what we can determine about this event is merely speculation, we are able to guess the motives that contribute to the way in which many of the events unfold. Because of the details of the trial, many of the people involved probably faced several difficult decisions that led to the outcome of the trial. During the 1850s the United States was involved in a heated debate over the issue of slavery. Many of the residents of Missouri and nearby Kansas were fighting for or against the institution of slavery. The outcome of this trial was important because it could have a tremendous affect upon the way the legal system in Missouri viewed the rights of slaves, and the ways in which they would be forced to interpret the laws of the State in regard to how they where to apply to slaves. The first of the main characters we are introduced to is Celia’s master, Robert Newsom. Mr. Newsom was a wealthy landowner in Callaway County. In 1850, after the death of his wife, Robert Newsom purchased a fourteen year old slave girl from nearby Audrain County. The purpose, as far as McLaurin can tell for her purchase was as a replacement for Robert Newsom’s wife. From the time that Newsom first acquires Celia, he begins to rape her on a regular basis. Although it was generally accepted as being morally wrong for a slave master to sexually abuse a slave, Robert Newsom seems to view her as his property, to do with as he pleased rather than as a human being. So the first of many ethical decisions is made, as Robert Newsom begins an unauthorized sexual relationship with his slave which lasts five years un... Free Essays on Celia A Slave. Free Essays on Celia A Slave. Moral Dilemmas of Celia, A Slave Melton McLaurin’s book Celia, A Slave is the account of the trial, conviction, and execution of a female slave for the murder of her master in 1855. The author uses evidence compiled through studying documents from Callaway County, Missouri and the surrounding area during the middle of the Nineteenth Century. Although much of what we can determine about this event is merely speculation, we are able to guess the motives that contribute to the way in which many of the events unfold. Because of the details of the trial, many of the people involved probably faced several difficult decisions that led to the outcome of the trial. During the 1850s the United States was involved in a heated debate over the issue of slavery. Many of the residents of Missouri and nearby Kansas were fighting for or against the institution of slavery. The outcome of this trial was important because it could have a tremendous affect upon the way the legal system in Missouri viewed the rights of slaves, and the ways in which they would be forced to interpret the laws of the State in regard to how they where to apply to slaves. The first of the main characters we are introduced to is Celia’s master, Robert Newsom. Mr. Newsom was a wealthy landowner in Callaway County. In 1850, after the death of his wife, Robert Newsom purchased a fourteen year old slave girl from nearby Audrain County. The purpose, as far as McLaurin can tell for her purchase was as a replacement for Robert Newsom’s wife. From the time that Newsom first acquires Celia, he begins to rape her on a regular basis. Although it was generally accepted as being morally wrong for a slave master to sexually abuse a slave, Robert Newsom seems to view her as his property, to do with as he pleased rather than as a human being. So the first of many ethical decisions is made, as Robert Newsom begins an unauthorized sexual relationship with his slave which lasts five years un...

Lemon Juice and Baking Soda Reaction Project

Lemon Juice and Baking Soda Reaction Project The lemon fizz project is a fun bubbly science experiment using kitchen ingredients that’s ideal for kids to try. Lemon Fizz Materials Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)Lemon juice or a lemon cut into quartersLiquid dishwashing soap (e.g., Dawn or Joy)Food coloring (optional)Spoon or strawNarrow glass or cup The Lemon Fizz Project Put a spoonful (about a teaspoon) of baking soda into a glass.Stir in a squirt of dishwashing liquid.Add a drop or two of food coloring, if you want colored bubbles.Squeeze lemon juice into the mixture or pour in lemon juice. Other citrus fruit juices work too, but lemon juice seems to work the best. As you stir the juice into the baking soda and detergent, bubbles will form that will start to push up and out of the glass.You can extend the reaction by adding more lemon juice and baking soda.The bubbles are long-lasting. You cant drink the mixture, but you can still use it for washing dishes. How It Works The sodium bicarbonate of the baking soda reacts with the citric acid in lemon juice to form carbon dioxide gas. The gas bubbles are trapped by the dishwashing soap, forming fizzy bubbles.

Water-astronomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Water-astronomy - Essay Example Seeing the detail on how everything works on earth has become the guiding point of inquisitive minds to understand further the mystery beyond the universe. Scientists found that the earth is just an integral component of a solar system ruled over by a star within the vast Milky Way. The Milky Way galaxy consists of millions of these stars, which means the odds of having a habitable planet, as earth is higher. However, there are still thousands of galaxies across the universe that based on supporting details from Einstein’s theory, have continue to move away from each other, leading to the point that the universe could be expanding at some point (Fang and Chu 97). Understanding these ideas about the universe could lead us to conclude that it could be so huge beyond our imagination. There are infinite possibilities out there that science continues to unearth. Scientists keep on to dig more theories and scientific proofs just to back up some essential ideas that could help them piece together the relevant information about the universe. For thousands of years, the existence in this universe remains a mystery to the humankind. While the earth is a physical proof that we could see, feel and touch, and that is integral part of the big part of the universe, scientists in most of their studies have based on their meaningful understanding by what they observed from this blue planet. This means they are trying to understand the whole part of information by starting from its very detailed component. This makes sense as a good guiding point in order to learn more about the universe. In fact, this analogy applies to our understanding about the entire water, for instance. We know about water and its importance, but most of us have a slightest idea that behind what we can see about the water is the presence of sub-atomic particles that are combined just to produce a liquid form of matter that has universal importance for the

Project Task-List Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Task-List - Essay Example Effective and quality ensuring training programs are of vital importance for successful execution of human resource development. Training programs follow a four step methodology that includes planning, implementation and finally the assessment of the training program (EPA, 2000). Ideal training programs are expected to, We are planning to carry out a two day training session that should be very effective. After the venue has been decided by the top management as per their financial suitability, some important tasks need to be carried out. Designed systematic analyses are needed to identify and target the gaps in the employees’ skill set for training progression. After a clear picture of why and where training is needed, the training activity gets a direction for plan. Most commonly used tools for gap analysis are questionnaires, group discussions or direct question answer sessions. Once the training objectives have been worked out, it gets further easy to decide upon the main topic that can add good impression to the organization’s literature history. The topic can be further broken down by the chief trainer and other experts about it would be imparted and what parts would be covered on the first day and what parts would be covered the second day. After the sub contents have been prepared, the trainer needs to see how the training would actually be done. He needs to decide upon the tool that would be used, for instance PC, projector etc and working upon the infrastructure management for the project. The contents of the training session have to settle according to the available time frame (Upadhyay, 2012). The methodologies for instance, group discussion oriented training, role playing, case study or any other type has to be selected based upon its suitability with respect to the contents and the knowledge and interest level of target group. The most important aspect is breaking down of the methodologies between

Analysing The World Intellectual Property Organization Economics Essay

Analysing The World Intellectual Property Organization Economics Essay According to the  definition  of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), intellectual property now applies to creations of mind or invention; literary and artistic works; and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce. Legally, intellectual property includes patents, trade secrets, trademarks, and copyright. Scholars prefer an even broader view of intellectual property.   They prefer a definition that includes individual creativity and socially adopted innovations, as well as collective knowledge (Gollin, 2007). Intellectual property rights (IPR) are legal entitlements granted by governments within their respective sovereignties that provide patent, trademark, and copyright owners the exclusive right to exploit their intellectual property (IP) for a certain period. Defined another way, IPR, broadly, are rights granted to people who create and own works that are the result of human intellectual creativity. The  main  intellectual property rights are copyright, patents, trade marks, design rights, protection from passing off, and the protection of confidential information. IP is normally classified into two categories namely industrial property and copyright. Industrial property includes inventions (patents), industrial designs and trademarks and copyright comprises of musical works, literary works like novels and poems and artistic works like photography, paintings and sculptures for instance. The basic rationale for IPR protection is to provide an incentive for innovation by granting IP owners an opportunity to recover their costs of research and development (NERA Economic Consulting). COPYRIGHT As pointed out above, IP can be divided into two categories namely industrial property and copyright. Copyright assures legal protection for literary works (for example poems, books and film scripts), musical works, artistic works (such as paintings and sculptures), photography, computer software and cinematographic works. Copyright law is meant to protect authors by giving them special rights to commercialize copies of their work in whatever material form (printed publication, audio recording, film, broadcast and so on) is being used to communicate their creative expressions to the public. Even though registration is not normally necessary, it is prudent for authors to have their name put on the work. Nonetheless, legal protection includes the expression of the ideas contained, not the ideas themselves. Copyright offers owners exclusive rights, usually for the length of the authors life plus 50 years. As for audio recordings, copyright is usually bestowed for 50 years and is accessi ble to the author or company in charge for creating the recording. Authorization is probable to involve payment of royalties. These are known as moral rights and stay with the author even if the latter transfers the copyright to somebody else. Economic rights allow the rights owner to obtain financial compensation from the exploitation of his/her works by others. Copyright owners are granted rental rights in order to receive royalties for commercial rental of their works. INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY Industrial property is clearly specified in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (Article 1 (3)): Industrial property shall be understood in the broadest sense and shall apply not only to industry and commerce proper, but likewise to agricultural and extractive industries and to all manufactured or natural products, for example, wines, grain, tobacco leaf, fruit, cattle, minerals, mineral waters, beer, flowers, and flour. Industrial property takes a wide array of forms. These consist of patents to protect inventions and industrial designs, which are visual creations establishing the appearance of industrial products. Industrial property also includes trademarks, service marks, layout-designs of integrated circuits, commercial names and designations, as well as geographical indications, and protection against unfair competition. In some of these, the aspect of intellectual creation, although existent, is less clearly defined. What matters here is that the obj ect of industrial property typically consists of signs conveying information, particularly to consumers, as regards products and services offered on the market. Protection is intended against unauthorized use of such signs likely to deceive consumers, and against deceptive practices in general. Trademarks A trademark is a sign which helps in making the distinction of the goods or services of one company from those of another. Such signs may use words, letters, numerals, pictures, shapes and colors, as well as any combination of the above. It usually consists of a distinctive design, word, or phrases, generally placed on the product label and sometimes demonstrated in advertisements. For example, LOreal is a trademark that can only be employed on products produced by the LOreal Company. A lot of countries are now allowing for the registration of less conventional forms of trademark, such as three-dimensional signs (like the Fanta bottle or Toblerone chocolate bar), audible signs (sounds, such as the roar of the lion that precedes films produced by MGM), or olfactory signs (smells, such as perfumes). But many countries have laid down perimeters as to what may be registered as a trademark, generally consenting to only signs that are visually perceptible or can be represented graphically. When utilized in association with the marketing of the goods, the sign may appear in advertisements, for example in newspapers or on television, or in the windows of the shops in which the goods are sold. Trademarks facilitate the choice to be made by the consumer when buying certain products or using certain services. The trademark helps the consumer to identify a product or service which was already familiar to him or which was advertised. The owner of a registered trademark has an exclusive right as far as his mark is concerned. It gives him the right to use the mark and to prevent unauthorized use of it. Patents Legal action can be undertaken against those who violate the patent by copying the invention or selling it without authorization from the patent owner. Patents can be bought, sold, hired, or licensed. When doing a patent application, some criteria need to be satisfied. The patent examiners should be convinced that the invention is Several types of patent may be granted (Lesser 1991, p. 14): Uses: covers a precise use only. Hence, it would cover the above drug uniquely as a cure for cancer and not for any uses that are later discovered. Products-by-process: consists of only products manufactured by the process described in the application. Therefore, it would cover the drug, but only when manufactured by a particular process. It must be noted that not all inventions that satisfy the above conditions can seek protection by patent. In many countries, medicines and genetically modified organisms cannot be patented at all. There are variations in national patent laws because each country has its own preferences when it comes to defining what inventions may be patented and these laws normally conform to the countrys perceived national interest. HISTORY OF IPR Since the first intellectual property system came into existence in the West, humanity has gone through nearly four hundred years. In the nearly four hundred years of history, intellectual property rights have completed their conversion from feudal power to peoples private rights. Today, it is irrefutable that the revolution brought by IPR has not only broadened the conventional content of property rights system, but also led the intellectual property system to become the worlds most significant property rights system, and also made a deep impact on mankind in the 21st century. However, the emergence of this new system is not a straightforward process. With the advent of new technologies and human cognitive aptitude, as an implement to balance the private rights and public interests, the intellectual property system has always stumbled upon challenges and disagreements. The IP system was first introduced in the west and was later established throughout the world. For the IPR system, Patent law is the first system to be introduced in the world. The coming out of the patent system gave birth to human intellectual property system. The United States even established the principle of protection of proprietary technology in the Constitution, made patent protection to the height to constitutional level. The history of copyrights has some strong monarchical power background. Before the beginning of the copyright system, many countries have had long-standing system of printing privileges. According to this franchise system, the king can grant a printed right to license the printer rather than the copyright owners. In 1709, Britain built the first modern copyright law the Queen Anne Act. Following this, the United Kingdom, France and Germany set up the copyright system respectively. Under the influence of these countries as a pioneer, the copyright system has been gradually acknowledged by Governments. Trademarks originated in Spain. The trademark system in the modern sense started in the 19th century. In 1857, France established the first legal system in the world to protect trademarks. Consequently, the trademark system rapidly grew in other parts of the world. Many countries accepted and implemented a variety of forms of intellectual property rights in different approach and evolution. At the same time, new types of intellectual property rights have continued to be progressively incorporated into the system of intellectual property rights. All these developments reveal that the historical development of the intellectual property system has gone through a stage of steady development. By the end of the eighties, the new trend of civil legislation began to emerge. Many countries tried to develop the Code of intellectual property or incorporate intellectual property law into the Civil Code. These activities started out a wave of codification of intellectual property rights. Since the late 19th century onwards, along with the new technological development and the extension of international trade, intellectual property transactions in the international arena have also started with the formation and development. At the same time, there was a big contradiction between international demand for intellectual property rights and regional constraints. In order to find a solution to this contradiction, some countries have signed the International Convention for the protection of intellectual property, and established a number of global or regional international organizations. A system of international protection of intellectual property rights was set up in the world. The convention of Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property(set up by France, Germany, Belgium, and 10 other countries and launched in 1883) is the first international convention in protecting IP. Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Art is the first international convention about copyright. The establishment of International Conventions specified that the intellectual property system had reached the international stage. Among them, approved under the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1993, Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement(TRIPS) succeeded to come to conclusion between developed country and developing country, which amplified the national standards of protection of intellectual property rights to a unified higher platform. More about these regulatory bodies and agreements will be discussed afterwards. In this new century, intellectual property rights system is facing new challenges. The adverse effects of intellectual property system are appearing slowly. In some developing countries, the protection of IPR has brought about the exorbitant cost of some medicines and other necessities; the price of some products with IPR is so high that it cannot meet the needs of people in difficulty. To solve these problems, developed countries have begun a new set of amendments to the legislative activities of the intellectual property system. New laws and regulations continue to be adopted, and the scope of intellectual propertys objects has continued to grow. In spite of this, the concern for IPR system has become an appealing trend. Developed countries take its monopoly of advanced scientific knowledge as an alluring weapon for technology leadership. Developing countries take the absorbing and creating knowledge as an important way to catch up with developed countries. It can be anticipated, that the next era is not only to develop and possess social substantial resources, but also to develop and possess mortal knowledge resources. Moreover, with the expansion of global economic integration, the international process of intellectual property system will definitely speed up. Protection of intellectual property rights has not only become the compulsory conditions of a country to promote economic development, but also it is considered a prerequisite so as to maintain international competitiveness. IPR IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES As a social system stimulating innovation, the intellectual property system has been established in the Western countries at first, and has later spread in the world. Walking along with its historical development, the course of intellectual property system in Western countries has gone through three main stages which called as germination stage, development and internationalization stages. Intellectual property, possibly a current phenomenon and perhaps too narrative to some, nevertheless has portrayed western economics, multi national co-operations and supported western economic colonization. As discussed previously, IPR was and still is a controversial subject. While Europe may have fared fairly well in comparison with the US, problems are rising in the EU as well. From an economic perspective, there is a need for harmonizing European administrative and legal practices in the area of IPRs while increasing the quality standards used in these system. Moreover, a new balance between the owners of rights and users of the protected subject matter needs to be found in many fields. With its Lisbon Agenda, the European Union has nurtured a future vision of a region concentrating on learning and innovation so as to sustain high levels of productivity and wealth. To attain these objectives, EU policies will need to promote innovation and encourage investments in new and more competent products, processes and organizational routines. Intellectual property plays an important part in this vision, and in several areas, the EU has embarked on a course meant to reinforce rights that foster innovation. Examples of some controversies in Europe involve the arguments on copyright and Digital Rights Management (DRM) systems, on the protection of computer software through patents and/or copyright, and the degree of patent protection for biotechnological inventions. In many jurisdictions, the rights of IPR owners have been reinforced as compared to the rights of other parties. Wholly new IPRs (such as for database protection) have been formulated. These amendments have brought about a number of policy issues. Patent systems are under strain not just in Europe, but in other countries as well. Like in the US, both patent submissions and patent grants at the EPO have increased much faster than Research and Development (RD) inputs in OECD countries. From 1990 to 2000, EPO patent applications rose from 70,955 to 145,241 (an average growth rate of 7.4 per cent per annum) while OECD RD inputs grew from $398 to $555 billion which reveals an average annual growth of 3.4 per cent. As for the actual grant rate (the share of patent applications leading to a patent grant) remained almost stable at about 65 percent for patents with application years from 1978 to 1995. There are three major obstacles to the future design of European IPR policies, the first being harmonization. If the EU wants to become a region focusing on innovation without being bothered by national barriers, there is definitely a need for coming up with truly European IPR policies and institutions. That comprises of harmonized interpretation of IPR laws, harmonized court proceedings and the setting up of legal institutions which resolve cases that have been very much controversial. A second significant criterion is the focus on balance. The naive belief that more and stronger IPRs are always excellent for innovation has been contested by scientists in empirical and theoretical work over the last decades. Balance in copyrights means that fair use of rights of consumers have to be considered seriously. Third, IPRs that are granted on the basis of an examination process should be of high quality in the sense that they create legal certainty, rather than uncertainty. European institutions, in particular the European Patent Office, should seek to grant high-quality patent rights which are based on tough standards for novelty and inventive step. Despite a complete array of rules on the protection of intellectual property, counterfeiting and piracy have continued to rise in the world because offenders have the possibility of making considerable profits without risking any serious legal consequences. In July 2005, the Commission presented a double proposal for a  directive   and a  Council framework decision     aimed at introducing criminal sanctions for IPR infringements.  The general penalty is for the court to grant damages to the patent owner, requiring the offender to pay a certain amount of money to the patent owner.   IPR IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Countries vary to a great extent concerning the protection and enforcement of IPR, with developing countries being normally associated with much lower standards for IPR protection than developed countries. This amount does not take into consideration any imitation of products manufactured and consumed in the same country or counterfeit digital products sold over the Internet. Some of the theoretical literature considers a stylized world with a technologically developed North and a less technologically developed South. These models are based on the premise set forth in Chin and Grossman (1988) where the North innovates and the South imitates the Northern technologies. The main finding of Chin and Grossman (1988) was that a persistent tension exists between the North and the South-while the North innovates, the South chooses low levels of IPR protection because it benefits from the innovative output of the North. The debate for the implementation of appropriate intellectual property rights in the developed countries is fueled since the advanced countries faced a menace to their pioneering technological and non- technological innovations and their commercialization in the developing nations. Subsequently, developing countries have long been demanded by developed nations to implement intellectual property rights. The central apprehension by the developed nations is to protect the innovations in the less developed nations from the illegal counterfeiting and copying. The discussion between both parties, that is, industrialized countries and developing countries is getting intense since the last two decades. The developing countries are parted over the debate due to their economic conditions, FDI and technological sophistication. The concern for the developing countries is the eventual economic repercussions for the implementation of such intellectual property rights in their respective countries. The case can be even harsher for the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), where intellectual property rights are seen as the origin for the high technology cost and barriers for technology access to public. On the other hand however, increased technology transfer with foreign direct investment may somehow validate such regime. But such profitable offers as substitute for IPR in the developing nations, according to some developing countries, are in view of the developed countries benefits and they would be unable to heighten the economic conditions in the developing countries from their present conditions. The social benefits obtained from certain economic systems, established in the advanced nations may not affect the social systems of the developing nations as wished for. So far, different measures, particularly led by the United States have actually compelled the implementation for the intellectual property rights in the developing countries, exclusively backed by the strong business communities in the United States. REGULATORY BODIES There is a need for IPR because, without them, a piece of potentially important information would be subject to overuse, to the point that access to it is not costly, from the perspective of its development and expansion. This use would quickly exhaust the economic worth of the information, limiting incentives to produce it. The contrast between the mounting need for international exploitation of intellectual assets and the territorial (and often underdeveloped) nature of rights to do so resulted in huge pressures for general change in recent years. These pressures triggered broad bilateral, regional, and multilateral negotiations on IPRs, which engendered a significant expansion of required minimum standards, especially in developing economies and countries in transition. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is an international organization set up to ensure that the rights of creators and owners of intellectual property are respected throughout the world and that inventors and authors are thus recognized and rewarded for their ingenuity. As a specialized organization of the United Nations, WIPO exists as a forum for its Member States to create and synchronize rules and practices to protect intellectual property rights. Most advanced nations have protection systems that are centuries old. Many new and developing countries, however, are now building up their patent, trademark and copyright laws and systems. With the rapid globalization of trade during the last decade, WIPO plays an important role in helping these new systems progress through treaty negotiation, legal and technical assistance, and training in various forms, including in the area of strengthening of intellectual property rights. WIPO also caters for international registrati on systems for patents, trademarks, appellations of origin and industrial designs. These hugely simplify the process for concurrently seeking intellectual property protection in a lot of countries. Instead of having to file national applications in different languages, these systems allow applicants to file a single application, in one language, and to pay a single application fee. In the 1990s the world has shifted radically toward an international system of IPRs. Apprehensions about the piracy and forgery of intellectual property have been increasingly raised in developed countries, where much of the intellectual property is located. As a solution to these concerns, the protection of intellectual property was a major area of negotiation at the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The result of the negotiations was the founding of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to govern the GATT, the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The TRIPS Agreement is an integral and legally binding part of the WTO that requires all member countries (142 countries as of July 2001) to 12 grant patents for inventions in all fields of technology. It requires them to protect plant varieties either by patents, by an effective sui generis system or by a combination of both. Adherence to the TRIPS agreement for most, if not all member countries, means introducing more severe intellectual property protection (IPP). This is expected to have extensive consequences on the international transfer of technology and trade relationship between the developed and developing countries, especially in agricultural research. Finally, in respect to the large and costly institutional and legal changes these provisions need in countries with restricted IPR systems, transition periods are granted. General obligations (national treatment and MFN) were to be operational immediately upon the implementation of the WTO. Developing countries and countries in transition should meet the detailed obligations within five years (that is, by January 1, 2000) and least-developed countries must meet them within eleven years (by January 1, 2006). The latter countries may, upon request to the TRIPS Council, be given extensions for an unspecified period, signifying that they have been given an opt-out procedure. Countries are free to accelerate their adherence to TRIPS. The TRIPS Agreement leads in a new global framework for IPRs. It clearly built up minimum standards for protection, moving the system closer to harmonization, and inclines the balance of economic rewards toward innovative interests and away from counterfeiting and imitation. The TRIPS Agreement provides minimum national standards for levels of protection to the creators of intellectual property. Article 27.1 of this Agreement requires members to provide for patents for all inventions, whether products or processes, in all fields of technology. BENEFIT OR DETRIMENT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES? The net economic effect on developing nations from establishing and protecting IPR is not completely obvious. Some have insisted that strengthening IPR protection will improve economic growth and wellbeing in developing nations, and others argue that it will be unfavorable, thereby diminishing overall welfare. Among the possible costs of this type of policy are decreased incomes in industries that depend on copying the products of industrialized nations and the related increases in the prices of protected commodities. For example, increasing IPR protection in the less-developed countries can promote innovation in there. Certainly there are certain short-term costs linked with intellectual property rights for the developing nations, like higher prices for the technology and protected goods. Given this, the case for tighter intellectual property rights in these countries must rely on long term benefits like superior technology or foreign direct investment inflows and bigger incentive to national innovation. FDI inflows in a country come mostly in the form of Multinational Corporations (MCs). MCs are able to stay really competitive when they are successful in transferring IP and other intangible assets to their global locations of operations. These sources of competitive advantage can be anything from a proprietary manufacturing plan for semiconductors to a cleaning solvent formula. But before taking any decision to set up any assets in a country, multinational managerial committees should analyze whether the country where they are going to transfer their technology has appropriate IPR to protect the organization against offenders and imitators. Studying the impact of more rigid IPR protection in a less technologically developed South (developing countries) on welfare in both the North (developed countries) and the South, Diwan and Rodrik (1991) found that net-innovation consuming countries (the South) were only motivated to safeguard IPR if the type of innovation demanded was different from the type demanded in the net-innovation-producing countries (the North). Evenson (1992) refers to these middle-income countries as being in the technology draught, because they tend to focus RD efforts on adaptation, imitation, and reverse engineering. As economies become more innovative at the uppermost levels of income, patent protection tends to increase dramatically. According to World Bank Global Economic Perspective, there are certain particular reasons for advanced countries, and interestingly for the developing nations to follow the TRIPS agreement, that is, it may offer developing countries improved access to agricultural and apparel markets in prosperous nations, an expectation that tighter IPR would also promote further technology transfer and innovation. However, according to World Bank, the guarantee for durable benefits seems doubtful and costly to accomplish in many countries, especially the Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Moreover, the administrative costs and tribulations with higher prices for medicines and crucial technological inputs loom large in the minds of policy makers in developing nations. Many are favoring considerable provisions in the agreement. Some developing countries also applied for the provisions in implementation for the patent protection, particularly in pharmaceutical industry. In developing countries, the lack of international IPR protection has helped in creating massive employment. India is one of the leaders in reproducing medicines and drugs manufactured by foreign companies. The reason it can do so is because Indias patent act forbids product patents for any invention intended for use or capable of being used as a food, medicine, or drug or relating to substances prepared or produced by chemical processes. This in return has negative effects on the international pharmaceutical industry. The US pharmaceutical industry is estimated to incur annual losses of $450 million due to imitation. It would prove to be very costly for these countries to adopt the IPR laws overnight in its totality. This would mean loss of job for many; inadequate access to medicines and drugs for needy people and all these could eventually lead to social unrest. Countries with weak IPR protection are well positioned to gain an immediate benefit to lower-priced goods or technologies. Countries with lack of strong IPR protection must therefore compare these benefits with the loss of international willingness to invest resources or develop products, as well as lessened innovative commodities within the country. Maskus (2000) notes three potential costs namely: 1. Higher prices for imported products and new technologies under IPR protection 2. Loss of economic activity, by the closure of imitative activities. 3. The possible abuse of protection by the patent holders, especially large foreign companies. Some countries have accepted to adhere to TRIPS in order to benefit from concessions in other (non-technological) fields of economic activity, such as more aid, freer and greater access to developed country markets for key exports and so on. Whether they really benefited in these ways stays an open question, since neither the costs nor the benefits of TRIPS associated concessions have been appropriately calculated. Nonetheless such implementation would also fuel the local innovation in the developing nations, permitting them to import the foreign technologies and have hands-on experience in learning and using the technologies. In addition, the strength and efficiency of enforcement efforts also differ with economic development stages. This reveals both a reluctance to bear the expensive administrative expenses related with enforcement and the incapacity to handle many of the complex technical and judicial matters linked with the use and infringement of IPRs. However, there is an essential tradeoff between the market power caused by stronger IPRs, which are likely to improve the ability of firms to fragment markets and limit trade, and the market-expansion impact of increasing the costs of counterfeit activity. Detractors of the TRIPs Agreement claim that the step towards more rigid IPR may harm poor

Various Government Roles in Health Care

The government performs several important roles, including financing, delivering, and regulating the delivery of healthcare. The federal government or the state government programs provides healthcare for uninsured individuals or low income families with needs. The federal government regulates programs such as Medicaid and Medicare providers. They regulate such things as health codes, the insurance industry, licensed personnel, and facilities. Important Roles The government which consists of federal, state and local combined has many important roles in the U. S healthcare system.One of the roles in which the government provides is finance. It is estimated that 48% of healthcare was paid for by public dollars in 2008, which included Medicare, Medicaid, state and local health programs, CHIP, and Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs (Yesalis, Holt, & Politzer, 2012). Federal and State governments jointly fund Medicaid, long term mental health services, community health centers an d public health programs. Regulation shapes all aspects of America's fragmented health care industry, from the flow of dollars to the communication between physicians and patients.It is the engine that translates public policy into action. While the health and lives of patients, as well as almost one-sixth of the national economy depend on its effectiveness, health care regulation in America is bewilderingly complex. Government agencies at the federal, state, and local levels direct portions of the industry, but hundreds of private organizations do so as well. Some of these overseers compete with one another, some conflict, and others collaborate. Their interaction is as important to the provision of health  care as are the laws and rules they implement. (Robert I. Field)RegulationsThe state government also regulates licensing for health care personnel, facilities, and establishes health codes. The government basically controls the health industry with rules and regulations. Rangi ng from: Regulation/licensing, mental health services, vital statistics, public health issues, public health laboratories, communicable disease control programs, environmental health, maternal/child health, health planning, and health education. (Yesalis, Holt, & Politzer, 2012).

Global Warming And Climate Change - 1256 Words

There are two terms that many people have been concerned about for many years now, which some people firmly believe will be the downfall of the Earth’s survival. Those terms are global warming and climate change. Although both terms are used interchangeably by some, they cover two different subjects that go hand in hand. There is extensive research done on both terms, with plenty of scientific evidence proving that both are occurring and are major problems. However, there is still an uncanny amount of people who claim that climate change and global warming is not real, and their reasoning is usually either unscientific or at times completely unreasonable. Their reasons are usually political, religious, or due to some form of being misinformed. This skepticism is a major problem because global warming is a threat and must be dealt with. Before discussing skepticism, it’s important to know what global warming and climate change are. 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Maslow vs Skinner Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Running head: MASLOW VERSUS SKINNER Maslow versus Skinner: Theories of Motivation MASLOW VERSUS SKINNER 2 Maslow versus Skinner: Theories of Motivation Maslows â€Å"Hierarchy of Needs† states that a human being requires the meeting of his or her physiological, emotional, and psychological needs. He states that meeting an individuals physiological needs in not enough to feel motivated or complete. On the other hand, Skinners â€Å"Operant Behavior† states that the consequences of an action affect the individuals motivation (Hotherstall, 2003). As teachers, these theories of motivation help a lot in classroom management (Madden 1972). Topic Maslow Skinner Definition Motivation stems from the inner person. It is out of the persons desire to satisfy his or her hierarchy of needs as argued by Maslow. Motivation stems from how the society rewards good behavior and punishes bad behavior. Motivation changes from elementary to secondary students Motivation begins with simple emotional needs, to more complex ones, toward intellectual needs. The intellectual needs become more complex in time as well. It starts with basic ideas, to more dynamic and detailed ones. Motivation begins with simple methods of rewards and punishments, to more complex ones. The attribute, type, and amount of rewards that will motivate the student also changes. Similarities Just like Skinners rewards, moving to the next level of need can be deemed a reward. We will write a custom essay sample on Maslow vs Skinner or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Meeting the next-level need is a reward in itself. Motivation is influenced mainly by rewards. Students become more motivated when more rewards await their good behavior. Feedback is also considered a reward and it answers the individuals need to belong. This is similar to Maslows second level of need. Differences Need-levels can overlap depending on the deed. A single behavior can meet the physiological, emotional, and psychological needs of an individual. Motivation can be based on either of the need levels. It is either good or bad --- reward or punishment. Motivation comes from desiring a reward that can only be acquired from good (or generally acceptable) behavior. (Hotherstall, 2003) The above chart presents a basic comparison and contrast of the two theories of motivation. The chart shows the simplified concepts of Maslows Humanistic Psychology and Skinners Radical Behaviorism. While Maslows theory is more focused on the unseen processes of thinking, Skinners theory is more focused on the reaction to stimuli (Hotherstall, 2003). The motivational changes from elementary to secondary students are both from simple to complex (Svinicki 2004).